Matla, e le motheo oa lintho tse bonahalang bakeng sa tsoelo-pele ea batho, esale a phetha karolo ea bohlokoa.Ke tiisetso ea bohlokoa bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea sechaba sa batho.Hammoho le metsi, moea, le lijo, e etsa maemo a hlokahalang bakeng sa ho phela ha motho ’me e ama bophelo ba motho ka ho toba..

Tsoelo-pele ea indasteri ea matla e bile le liphetoho tse peli tse khōlō ho tloha “mehla” ea patsi ho ea “mehleng” ea mashala, ’me hamorao ho tloha “mehleng” ea mashala ho ea “mehleng” ea oli.Hona joale e se e qalile ho fetoha ho tloha "mehla" ea oli ho ea ho "mehla" ea phetoho ea matla a tsosolositsoeng.

Ho tloha ho mashala e le mohloli o ka sehloohong mathoasong a lekholo la bo19 la lilemo ho ea ho oli e le mohloli o ka sehloohong bohareng ba lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, batho ba sebelisitse matla a mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale ka tekanyo e khōlō ka lilemo tse fetang 200.Leha ho le joalo, sebopeho sa lefats'e sa matla se laoloang ke matla a mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale se etsa hore e se ke ea hlola e e-ba hole le ho fokotseha ha matla a mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale.

Lits'oants'o tse tharo tsa matla a moruo a matla a mashala a emeloang ke mashala, oli le khase ea tlhaho li tla felloa ke matla ka potlako lekholong le lecha la lilemo, 'me ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebeliso le mollo, e tla boela e bake phello ea sethopo, e hlahise palo e kholo ea litšila le ho silafatsa. tikoloho.

Ka hona, ho bohlokoa ho fokotsa ho itšetleha ka matla a mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale, ho fetola mokhoa o teng oa tšebeliso ea matla a sa utloahaleng, le ho batla matla a macha a ka nchafatsoang a hloekileng le a se nang tšilafalo.

Hajoale, matla a tsosolositsoeng a kenyelletsa haholo matla a moea, matla a haedrojene, matla a letsatsi, matla a biomass, matla a maqhubu le matla a mocheso oa mocheso, joalo-joalo, 'me matla a moea le matla a letsatsi ke libaka tsa morao-rao tsa lipatlisiso lefatšeng ka bophara.

Leha ho le joalo, ho ntse ho le thata ho finyella phetoho e nepahetseng le ho boloka mehloli e fapaneng ea matla a ka nchafatsoang, kahoo ho thata ho e sebelisa ka katleho.

Tabeng ena, e le ho hlokomela tšebeliso e nepahetseng ea matla a macha a ka nchafatsoang ke batho, hoa hlokahala ho hlahisa theknoloji e ncha e bonolo le e sebetsang ea polokelo ea matla, eo hape e leng sebaka se chesang lipatlisisong tsa morao-rao tsa sechaba.

Hona joale, libeteri tsa lithium-ion, e le e 'ngoe ea li-betri tsa bobeli tse sebetsang ka ho fetisisa, li' nile tsa sebelisoa haholo ka lisebelisoa tse sa tšoaneng tsa elektronike, lipalangoang, sefofane le masimo a mang., litebello tsa tsoelo-pele li thata haholoanyane.

Lintho tsa 'mele le tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa sodium le lithium li tšoana,' me li na le matla a ho boloka matla.Ka lebaka la litaba tsa eona tse ruileng, kabo e ts'oanang ea mohloli oa sodium, le theko e tlase, e sebelisoa theknoloji e kholo ea polokelo ea matla, e nang le litšobotsi tsa theko e tlase le ts'ebetso e phahameng.

Lisebelisoa tse ntle le tse mpe tsa li-electrode tsa libeteri tsa ion tsa sodium li kenyelletsa metsoako ea tšepe ea phetoho, polyanions, transition metal phosphates, core-shell nanoparticles, metsoako ea tšepe, carbon e thata, joalo-joalo.

Joaloka ntho e nang le mehloli e mengata ea tlhaho, carbon e theko e tlaase ebile e fumaneha habonolo, 'me e se e tsebahala haholo e le lisebelisoa tsa anode bakeng sa libeteri tsa sodium-ion.

Ho ea ka tekanyo ea graphitization, lisebelisoa tsa carbon li ka aroloa ka mekhahlelo e 'meli: graphite carbon le amorphous carbon.

Khabone e thata, e leng ea carbon amorphous, e bonts'a matla a ho boloka sodium a 300mAh / g, ha lisebelisoa tsa carbon tse nang le tekanyo e phahameng ea graphitization li thata ho kopana le tšebeliso ea khoebo ka lebaka la sebaka sa tsona se seholo le taolo e matla.

Ka hona, lisebelisoa tsa carbon tse thata tse seng graphite li sebelisoa haholo-holo lipatlisisong tse sebetsang.

E le ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea lisebelisoa tsa anode bakeng sa libeteri tsa sodium-ion, hydrophilicity le conductivity ea lisebelisoa tsa carbon li ka ntlafatsoa ka ion doping kapa metsoako, e ka ntlafatsang ts'ebetso ea polokelo ea matla ea lisebelisoa tsa carbon.

Joalo ka lisebelisoa tse mpe tsa electrode tsa betri ea ion ea sodium, metsoako ea tšepe e na le likarolo tse peli tsa tšepe tsa carbides le nitride.Ntle le litšoaneleho tse ntle tsa lisebelisoa tse nang le mahlakore a mabeli, li ke ke tsa boloka li-ion tsa sodium feela ka adsorption le intercalation, empa hape li kopana le sodium Motsoako oa li-ion o hlahisa matla ka lik'hemik'hale bakeng sa polokelo ea matla, kahoo e ntlafatsa haholo phello ea polokelo ea matla.

Ka lebaka la litšenyehelo tse phahameng le bothata ba ho fumana metsoako ea tšepe, lisebelisoa tsa carbon e ntse e le lisebelisoa tse ka sehloohong tsa anode bakeng sa libeteri tsa sodium-ion.

Ho phahama ha metsoako ea tšepe ea phetoho e nang le layered ke kamora ho sibolloa ha graphene.Hajoale, lisebelisoa tsa mahlakore a mabeli tse sebelisoang ka libeteri tsa sodium-ion haholo li kenyelletsa sodium-based layered NaxMO4, NaxCoO4, NaxMnO4, NaxVO4, NaxFeO4, jj.

Lisebelisoa tsa polyanionic positive electrode li ile tsa sebelisoa ka lekhetlo la pele ho li-electrode tse ntle tsa betri ea lithium-ion, 'me hamorao tsa sebelisoa ka libeteri tsa sodium-ion.Lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa tsa moemeli li kenyelletsa likristale tsa olivine tse kang NaMnPO4 le NaFePO4.

Transition metal phosphate qalong e ne e sebelisoa e le lisebelisoa tse ntle tsa electrode ka libeteri tsa lithium-ion.Ts'ebetso ea ho kopanya e batla e hōlile 'me ho na le mehaho e mengata ea kristale.

Phosphate, e le sebopeho sa mahlakore a mararo, e haha ​​​​mohaho oa moralo o loketseng ho arola le ho kopanya li-ion tsa sodium, ebe o fumana libeteri tsa sodium-ion tse nang le ts'ebetso e babatsehang ea ho boloka matla.

Thepa ea mantlha ea khetla ke mofuta o mocha oa lisebelisoa tsa anode bakeng sa libeteri tsa sodium-ion tse hlahileng lilemong tsa morao tjena.Ho ipapisitsoe le lisebelisoa tsa mantlha, sesebelisoa sena se fihletse sebopeho se se nang letho ka moralo o motle oa sebopeho.

Lisebelisoa tse tloaelehileng tsa khetla ea khetla li kenyelletsa hollow cobalt selenide nanocubes, Fe-N co-doped core-shell sodium vanadate nanospheres, porous carbon hollow tin oxide nanospheres le meaho e meng e sekoti.

Ka lebaka la litšoaneleho tsa eona tse ntle haholo, hammoho le sebopeho sa boselamose se sekoti le sa porous, ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea electrochemical e pepesetsoa electrolyte, 'me ka nako e ts'oanang, e boetse e khothalletsa haholo ho tsamaea ha ion ea electrolyte ho fihlela polokelo ea matla e sebetsang hantle.

Matla a tsosolositsoeng a lefats'e a tsoela pele ho phahama, ho khothalletsa nts'etsopele ea theknoloji ea polokelo ea matla.

Hajoale, ho latela mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho boloka matla, e ka aroloa ka polokelo ea matla ea 'mele le polokelo ea matla a electrochemical.

Polokelo ea matla a electrochemical e kopana le litekanyetso tsa nts'etsopele ea theknoloji e ncha ea polokelo ea matla ea kajeno ka lebaka la melemo ea eona ea polokeho e phahameng, theko e tlase, tšebeliso e bonolo, le ts'ebetso e phahameng.

Ho latela mekhoa e fapaneng ea karabelo ea electrochemical, mehloli ea matla a polokelo ea matla a electrochemical haholo-holo e kenyelletsa li-supercapacitor, libeteri tsa lead-acid, libeteri tsa matla a mafura, libeteri tsa nickel-metal hydride, libeteri tsa sodium-sulfur, le libeteri tsa lithium-ion.

Ho thekenoloji ea polokelo ea matla, lisebelisoa tsa li-electrode tse feto-fetohang li hohetse lithahasello tsa bo-ramahlale ba bangata ka lebaka la mefuta-futa ea meralo ea bona, ho feto-fetoha ha maemo, theko e tlase, le litšobotsi tsa ts'ireletso ea tikoloho.

Lisebelisoa tsa carbon li na le botsitso bo khethehileng ba thermochemical, conductivity e ntle ea motlakase, matla a phahameng, le thepa e sa tloaelehang ea mechine, e leng se etsang hore e be li-electrode tse tšepisang bakeng sa libeteri tsa lithium-ion le libeteri tsa sodium-ion.

Li-Supercapacitor li ka qosoa ka potlako le ho lokolloa tlas'a maemo a phahameng a hona joale, 'me li na le bophelo ba potoloho ea makhetlo a fetang 100,000.Ke mofuta o mocha oa phepelo e khethehileng ea polokelo ea matla a electrochemical pakeng tsa li-capacitor le libeteri.

Li-Supercapacitor li na le litšoaneleho tsa matla a phahameng a matla le lebelo le phahameng la ho fetola matla, empa matla a tsona a tlase, a na le tšekamelo ea ho itšehla thajana, 'me a na le monyetla oa ho lutla ha electrolyte ha a sebelisoa hampe.

Le hoja sele ea matla a mafura e na le litšobotsi tsa ho se tjhaje, matla a maholo, matla a phahameng a khethehileng le mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea matla, mocheso oa eona o phahameng oa ho sebetsa, theko e phahameng ea theko, le matla a tlaase a ho fetola matla li etsa hore e fumanehe feela ts'ebetsong ea khoebo.e sebedisoang ka mekhahlelo e itseng.

Libetri tsa lead-acid li na le melemo ea theko e tlase, theknoloji e butsoitseng, le polokeho e phahameng, 'me li sebelisitsoe haholo liteisheneng tsa mats'oao, libaesekele tsa motlakase, likoloi le polokelo ea matla ea grid.Liboto tse khutšoane joalo ka ho silafatsa tikoloho ha li khone ho fihlela litlhoko tse ntseng li eketseha le maemo a holimo bakeng sa libeteri tsa polokelo ea matla.

Libetri tsa Ni-MH li na le litšobotsi tsa ho feto-fetoha ho matla, boleng bo tlaase ba lik'halori, matla a maholo a monomer, le litšobotsi tse tsitsitseng tsa ho lahla, empa boima ba tsona bo batla bo le boholo, 'me ho na le mathata a mangata tsamaisong ea letoto la betri, e ka lebisang habonolo ho qhibiliha ha motho a le mong. li-separators tsa betri.